Topic sentence что это
topic sentence — n. the principal sentence, setting forth the main idea and coming usually at the beginning, in a paragraph or section of a discourse, esp. of an expository nature … English World dictionary
topic sentence — noun a sentence that states the topic of its paragraph • Hypernyms: ↑sentence … Useful english dictionary
topic sentence — a sentence that expresses the essential idea of a paragraph or larger section, usually appearing at the beginning. Also, topical sentence. [1915 20] * * * … Universalium
topic sentence — noun Date: 1885 a sentence that states the main thought of a paragraph or of a larger unit of discourse and is usually placed at or near the beginning … New Collegiate Dictionary
topic sentence — noun A sentence at the beginning of a paragraph indicating the general matter to be discussed later in that paragraph … Wiktionary
topic sentence — top′ic sen′tence n. a sentence that expresses the essential idea of a paragraph or larger section, usu. at the beginning • Etymology: 1915–20 … From formal English to slang
Sentence spacing — Double sentence spaced typewriter text (1946) vs. single sentence spaced typeset text (1979) Sentence spacing is the horizontal space between sentences in typeset text. It is a matter of typographical convention … Wikipedia
Практика / Practice
The first one has been done for you as an example.
Group 1
_too specific____ a. A lunar eclipse is an omen of a coming disaster.
_too general____ b. Superstitions have been around forever.
_best topic sent._ c. People hold many superstitious beliefs about the moon.
_incomplete____ d. Is made of green cheese.
Group 2
a. The history of astronomy is interesting.
b. Ice age people recorded the appearance of new moons by making scratches in animal bones.
c. For example, Stonehenge in Britain, built 3500 years ago to track the movement of the sun.
d. Ancient people observed and recorded lunar and solar events in different ways.
Group 3
a. It is hard to know which foods are safe to eat nowadays.
b. In some large ocean fish, there are high levels of mercury.
c. Undercooked chicken and hamburger may carry E. coli bacteria.
d. Not to mention mad cow disease.
e. Food safety is an important issue.
Group 4
a. Hybrid automobiles more economical to operate than gasoline-powered cars.
b. The new hybrid automobiles are very popular.
c. Hybrid cars have good fuel economy because a computer under the hood decides to run the electric motor, the small gasoline engine, or the two together.
d. The new hybrid automobiles are popular because of their fuel economy.
Group 2
a. too general
b. too specific
c. incomplete
d. best topic sentence
Group 3
a. best topic sentence
b. too specific
c. too specific
d. incomplete
e. too general
Group 4
a. incomplete
b. too general
c. too specific
d. best topic sentence
Group 5
a. too specific
b. too general
c. best topic sentence
d. too general
e. incomplete
Task 2. Write good topic sentences for the following paragraphs. Remember to include both a topic and a controlling idea.
Paragraph 1
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________. English speakers relaxing at home, for example, may put on kimonos, which is a Japanese word. English speakers who live in a warm climate may take an afternoon siesta on an outdoor patio without realizing that these are Spanish words. In their gardens, they may enjoy the fragrance of jasmine flowers, a word that came into English from Persian. They may even relax on a chaise while snacking on yogurt, words of French and Turkish origin, respectively. At night, they may shampoo their hair and put on pajamas, words from the Hindi language of India.
Paragraph 2
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________. In European universities, students are not required to attend classes. In fact, professors in Germany generally do not know the names of the students enrolled in their courses. In the United States, however, students are required to attend
all classes and may be penalized if they do not. Furthermore, in the European system, students usually take just one comprehensive examination at the end of their entire four or five years of study. In the North American system, on the other hand, students usually have numerous quizzes, tests, and homework assignments, and they almost always have to take a final examination in each course at the end of each semester.
Paragraph 3
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________. For example, the Eskimos, living in a treeless region of snow and ice, sometimes build temporary homes out of thick blocks of ice. People who live in deserts, on the other hand, use the most available materials, mud or clay, which provide good insulation from the heat. In Northern Europe, Russia, and other areas of the world where forests are plentiful, people usually construct their homes out of wood. In the islands of the South Pacific, where there is an abundant supply of bamboo and palm, people use these tough, fibrous plants to build their homes.
Facts versus Opinions
Opinions
Men are better drivers than women.
Opinions are not acceptable as support. If you express an opinion, you must support it with facts.
Facts
Facts are objective statements of truths.
At sea level, water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
Sometimes even facts need proof. You have to use specific supporting details to prove that these statements are true facts. Kinds of specific supporting details include:
- examples,
- statistics,
- quotations.
Opinion: Photographs of ultrathin fashion models send the wrong message to girls and young women.
Fact but needs proof: Fashion models are unnaturally thin.
Specific supporting detail: The average model weighs 25 percent less than the average woman of the same height.
Академическое письмо обычно требует, чтобы вы подтверждали свои идеи фактами, статистикой, цитатами и т.п.
Providing Supporting Details: Facts, Quotations, and Statistics
Academic writing normally requires that you support your ideas and opinions with facts, statistics, quotations, and similar kinds of information.
Факты и мнения
Мнения
Во-первых, важно различать факты и мнения. Мнения являются субъективными заявлениями, основанными на убеждениях или взглядах человека, например:
Мужчины водят машину лучше, чем женщины.
Мнения не приемлемы в качестве доказательства.
Факты
Факты объективно правдивы.
На уровне моря вода кипит при 100 градусах Цельсия.
Вы должны использовать конкретные вспомогательные данные, чтобы доказать, что эти утверждения являются истинными фактами. Виды конкретных вспомогательных деталей:
Мнение: Фотографии худощавых моделей отправляют могут быть неправильно восприняты девушками.
Факт, но нуждается в доказательствах: Модели худощавы.
Специфическая вспомогательная деталь: В среднем, модель весит на 25 процентов меньше, чем обычная женщина того же роста.
Task 1. Decide which of the following statements is an opinion, a fact that needs proof, or a specific supporting detail.
Write:
The first three have been done for you as examples.
F-NP 1. People who steal identities do a lot of damage before their victims become aware of it.
(The writer could give an example of a person who was victimized before noticing it.)
O 2. Punishment for identity thieves is not severe enough.
(The writer could give an example of a typical punishment.)
SSD 3. Last year, the losses of victims totaled more than $7 billion.
____ 4. Identity theft is more serious than any other type of theft.
____ 5. Identity theft is increasing at a rapid pace.
____ 6. In 2000, 31,000 cases of identity theft were reported to the Federal Trade Commission (FTC); in 2003, the number was 210,000.
____ 7. Most people do not report identity theft to the police.
____ 8. In 2003, 60 percent of identity theft victims did not notify the police, according to the FTC.
____ 9. Identity theft happens to ordinary people, not just to the wealthy.
Paragraph Structure. Topic Sentence
Параграф (абзац) представляет собой группу связанных предложений, в которых обсуждается одна (и обычно только одна) основная идея. Параграф может состоять минимум из 1 предложения, максимум, в свою очередь, не ограничен, однако он должен быть достаточно длинным, чтобы четко сформулировать основную идею.
Все параграфы содержат вводное и вспомогательные предложения, а в некоторых абзацах также содержится заключительное предложение.
A paragraph is a group of related sentences that discuss one (and usually only one) main idea. A paragraph can be as short as one sentence or as long as ten sentences.
The number of sentences is unimportant; however, the paragraph should be long enough to develop the main idea clearly.
All paragraphs have a topic sentence and supporting sentences, and some paragraphs also have a concluding sentence.
Statistics
Statistics are good supporting details. Study the graph and then read the paragraph that uses data from it. Notice the reporting verb that gives the source of information.
Статистика
Task 2. Study the graphs that follow. Then complete the paragraph about world energy consumption by filling in the blanks with information from the graphs.
World Energy Consumption
Responses may vary.
Sample response:
According to ( l ) statistics from the Energy Information Administration, world energy consumption has been steadily (2) rising. Currently, the nations of the world use between (3)404 and (4) 471 quadrillion Btu (British thermal units) annually. By the year 2025, consumption is projected to increase to (5) 623 Btu, an increase of (6) 32 percent from the year (7) 2010. The largest consumers are the (8) industrialized countries, and the nations who consume the least energy belong to the EE/FSU (Eastern Europe/Former Soviet Union) group. Developing nations consumed approximately the same amount of energy as (9) the EE/FSU countries until (10) 1990, when the energy use of developing nations began to (I J) increase. By (12) 2025, it is projected that their use will nearly equal that of (13)industrialized nations.
What does it consist of?
Из чего состоит?
Topic sentence
Вводное предложение
The topic sentence states the main idea of the paragraph. It not only names the topic of the paragraph, but it also limits the topic to one specific area that can be discussed completely in the space of a single paragraph. The part of the topic sentence that announces the specific area to be discussed is called the controlling idea .
Notice how the topic sentence of the model states both the topic and the controlling idea:
Три вещи характеризуют вводное предложение:
Вводное предложение содержит как тему, так и контрольную идею. Он называет тему, а затем ограничивает тему определенной областью, которая будет обсуждаться в параграфе.
Например: There are several reasons for immigrating to Finland, namely the widespread use of English, social benefits, and the friendly character of its people. Сразу ясно, о чем и в каком порядке писать в этом параграфе.
Вот пример отличного вводного предложения:
Арабское происхождение многих английских слов не всегда очевидно.
А вот следующее предложение является слишком конкретным. Ему больше подойдет роль поддерживающего предложения, а не вводного:
А это предложение, напротив, является слишком общим, чтобы быть вводным:
На английский язык оказали влияние многие другие языки.
Вводное предложение должно иметь логичные и взаимосвязанные контрольные идеи , которые ограничивают тему определенной областью, например:
Here are three important points to remember about a topic sentence:
A topic sentence is a complete sentence : it contains at least one subject and one verb. It is most commonly placed at the beginning of a paragraph .
A topic sentence contains both a topic and a controlling idea . It names the topic and then limits the topic to a specific area to be discussed in the space of a single paragraph.
As you may have noted, topic sentences are quite often used when a certain list consisting of several points (reasons, etc.) needs to be presented.
There are several reasons for immigrating to Finland, namely the widespread use of English, social benefits, and the friendly character of its people.
This topic sentence makes it clear what will be discussed in the paragraph and in what order.
A topic sentence is the most general statement in the paragraph because it gives only the main idea. It does not give any specific details.
This is a general statement that could serve as a topic sentence:
The Arabic origin of many English words is not always obvious.
The following sentence, on the other hand, is too specific. It could serve as a supporting sentence but not as a topic sentence:
This sentence is too general to be the topic one:
English has been influenced by other languages.
A topic sentence should not have unrelated controlling ideas , which limits or controls the topic to a specific area that you can discuss in the space of a single paragraph.
topic sentence
topic sentence — n. the principal sentence, setting forth the main idea and coming usually at the beginning, in a paragraph or section of a discourse, esp. of an expository nature … English World dictionary
topic sentence — noun a sentence that states the topic of its paragraph • Hypernyms: ↑sentence … Useful english dictionary
topic sentence — a sentence that expresses the essential idea of a paragraph or larger section, usually appearing at the beginning. Also, topical sentence. [1915 20] * * * … Universalium
topic sentence — noun Date: 1885 a sentence that states the main thought of a paragraph or of a larger unit of discourse and is usually placed at or near the beginning … New Collegiate Dictionary
topic sentence — noun A sentence at the beginning of a paragraph indicating the general matter to be discussed later in that paragraph … Wiktionary
topic sentence — top′ic sen′tence n. a sentence that expresses the essential idea of a paragraph or larger section, usu. at the beginning • Etymology: 1915–20 … From formal English to slang
Sentence spacing — Double sentence spaced typewriter text (1946) vs. single sentence spaced typeset text (1979) Sentence spacing is the horizontal space between sentences in typeset text. It is a matter of typographical convention … Wikipedia
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